update(en:Church Rock uranium mill spill):Add archive-url to refs

[BK-2020-09.git] / en.wikipedia.org / The_Bowl_(Cherokee chief) / article.txt

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--- a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Bowl_(Cherokee chief)/article.txt
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 '''The Bowl''' (also '''Chief Bowls'''); John Watts Bowles ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]: ''Di'wali'') (ca. 1756 – July 16, 1839) was one of the leaders of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]] during the [[Cherokee–American wars]], served as a [[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|Principal Chief]] of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation–West]], and was a leader of the [[Texas Cherokees]] (''Tshalagiyi nvdagi'').
 
 ==Early life==
 '''The Bowl''' (also '''Chief Bowls'''); John Watts Bowles ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]: ''Di'wali'') (ca. 1756 – July 16, 1839) was one of the leaders of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]] during the [[Cherokee–American wars]], served as a [[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|Principal Chief]] of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation–West]], and was a leader of the [[Texas Cherokees]] (''Tshalagiyi nvdagi'').
 
 ==Early life==

-Di'wali was born around 1756 in [[Little Hiwassee]], a Cherokee town in current-day North Carolina near [[Tomotla, North Carolina|Tomotla]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite Handbook of Texas | id=fbo47 |title=Bowl |last=Everett |first=Dianna |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> His mother was mixed blood Cherokee, Ghigoneli Boles, and his father was a Scottish trader John Watts.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Emmet Starr, an early historian of the Cherokee, describes Bowles as "being decidedly Gaelic in appearance, having light eyes, red hair, and somewhat freckled."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal | last=Winfrey |first=Dorman H. |date=Spring 1954 |title=Chief Bowles of the Texas Cherokee |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v032/v032p029.pdf |journal=Chronicles of Oklahoma }}</ref>  At the age of 11, when his maternal Grandfather John Knight Boles was murdered, he tracked down the men and killed them.  In tradition of Indian naming patterns he took the name of Boles becoming John Watts Boles.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}  The Osage word for Bowl is Diwali which is what history has recorded him as.
+Di'wali was born around 1756 in [[Little Hiwassee]], a Cherokee town in current-day North Carolina near [[Tomotla, North Carolina|Tomotla]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite Handbook of Texas | id=fbo47 |title=Bowl |last=Everett |first=Dianna |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> His mother was mixed blood Cherokee, Ghigoneli Boles, and his father was a Scottish trader John Watts.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Emmet Starr, an early historian of the Cherokee, describes Bowles as "being decidedly Gaelic in appearance, having light eyes, red hair, and somewhat freckled."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal | last=Winfrey |first=Dorman H. |date=Spring 1954 |title=Chief Bowles of the Texas Cherokee |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v032/v032p029.pdf |journal=Chronicles of Oklahoma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228203002/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v032/v032p029.pdf |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  At the age of 11, when his maternal Grandfather John Knight Boles was murdered, he tracked down the men and killed them.  In tradition of Indian naming patterns he took the name of Boles becoming John Watts Boles.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}  The Osage word for Bowl is Diwali which is what history has recorded him as.

 
 ==Young warrior==
 
 ==Young warrior==

-Di'wali was a follower of [[Dragging Canoe]], one of the founders of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]] who supported the British during the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.texascherokees.org/history1.html |title=History of Tsalagiyi Nvdagi |last=Babel-Hurt |first=Ethel I. |work=www.texascherokees.org |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>  He fought under Dragging Canoe and [[John Watts (Cherokee chief)|John Watts]] during the [[Cherokee-American wars]]. During this time, Di'wali had become the chief of the Running Water Town (present-day [[Whiteside, Tennessee]]).<ref name=":4" />  After the destruction of the Chickamauga settlements by the Americans in 1794, Di'wali returned to Little Hiwassee.
+Di'wali was a follower of [[Dragging Canoe]], one of the founders of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]] who supported the British during the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.texascherokees.org/history1.html |title=History of Tsalagiyi Nvdagi |last=Hicks |first=D. L. Utsidihi |editor-last=Babel-Hurt |editor-first=Ethel I. |work=www.texascherokees.org |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328120812/http://www.texascherokees.org/history1.html |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>  He fought under Dragging Canoe and [[John Watts (Cherokee chief)|John Watts]] during the [[Cherokee-American wars]]. During this time, Di'wali had become the chief of the Running Water Town (present-day [[Whiteside, Tennessee]]).<ref name=":4" />  After the destruction of the Chickamauga settlements by the Americans in 1794, Di'wali returned to Little Hiwassee.

 
 ==On the move==
 In order to enjoy better hunting grounds and escape the pressures of growing white settlements in the southern states, Di'wali led the first large [[Cherokee]] emigration west across the [[Mississippi River]] in 1794, where he and his followers established a settlement in the [[Louisiana Territory]] along the [[St. Francis River]] (near present-day [[New Madrid, Missouri]]).<ref name=":0" />  Continued problems with the Osage resulted in efforts to get the Shawnee and Delaware to relocate to Arkansas as well.  The Osage name for Bowl was Duwali. When the tribal government was organized in 1809 with the arrival of additional ''Old Settlers'', he was elected the first Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–West.  In 1812-13, Di'wali moved the people south near present-day [[Conway, Arkansas]].<ref name=":4" />  Di'wali was succeeded as the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–West in 1813 by [[Takatoka|Degadoga]].
 
 ==On the move==
 In order to enjoy better hunting grounds and escape the pressures of growing white settlements in the southern states, Di'wali led the first large [[Cherokee]] emigration west across the [[Mississippi River]] in 1794, where he and his followers established a settlement in the [[Louisiana Territory]] along the [[St. Francis River]] (near present-day [[New Madrid, Missouri]]).<ref name=":0" />  Continued problems with the Osage resulted in efforts to get the Shawnee and Delaware to relocate to Arkansas as well.  The Osage name for Bowl was Duwali. When the tribal government was organized in 1809 with the arrival of additional ''Old Settlers'', he was elected the first Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–West.  In 1812-13, Di'wali moved the people south near present-day [[Conway, Arkansas]].<ref name=":4" />  Di'wali was succeeded as the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–West in 1813 by [[Takatoka|Degadoga]].


@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In remaining loyal to Mexico, [[Stephen F. Austin]] and other Mexican officials
 When the [[Texas Revolution]] came, the Texas Cherokee decided to remain neutral,<ref>{{Cite HOT |id=bmc51 |title=Cherokee Indians |last=Lipscomb |first=Carol |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> but [[Sam Houston]] (who had married into the Cherokee tribe and had a long-standing relationship with Chief Di'wali) sought an alliance with the Cherokee. Seeking to give them what the Mexican government had refused and empowered under authority of the new government, General Houston negotiated a treaty with the Cherokee and other associated groups, granting over 2.5 million acres of land in east Texas:
 {{blockquote |text=Be It Solemnly Decreed, That we, the chosen delegates of the consultation of all Texas, in general convention assembled, solemnly declare, That the Cherokee Indians, and their associated bands, twelve tribes in number, agreeably to their late general council in Texas, have derived their just claims to lands included within the bounds hereinafter mentioned, from the government of Mexico, from whom we have also derived our rights to the soil by grant and occupancy. We solemnly declare, that the boundaries of the claims of said Indians to lands is as follows, to wit: lying north of the San Antonio road and the Neches, ask west of the Angeline and Sabine rivers. We solemnly declare, that the governor and general council, immediately on its organization, shall appoint commissioners to treat with said Indian, to establish the definite boundary of their territory, and secure their confidence and friendship. We solemnly declare, that we will guarantee to them peaceable enjoyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own.<ref name=":4" />}}
 
 When the [[Texas Revolution]] came, the Texas Cherokee decided to remain neutral,<ref>{{Cite HOT |id=bmc51 |title=Cherokee Indians |last=Lipscomb |first=Carol |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> but [[Sam Houston]] (who had married into the Cherokee tribe and had a long-standing relationship with Chief Di'wali) sought an alliance with the Cherokee. Seeking to give them what the Mexican government had refused and empowered under authority of the new government, General Houston negotiated a treaty with the Cherokee and other associated groups, granting over 2.5 million acres of land in east Texas:
 {{blockquote |text=Be It Solemnly Decreed, That we, the chosen delegates of the consultation of all Texas, in general convention assembled, solemnly declare, That the Cherokee Indians, and their associated bands, twelve tribes in number, agreeably to their late general council in Texas, have derived their just claims to lands included within the bounds hereinafter mentioned, from the government of Mexico, from whom we have also derived our rights to the soil by grant and occupancy. We solemnly declare, that the boundaries of the claims of said Indians to lands is as follows, to wit: lying north of the San Antonio road and the Neches, ask west of the Angeline and Sabine rivers. We solemnly declare, that the governor and general council, immediately on its organization, shall appoint commissioners to treat with said Indian, to establish the definite boundary of their territory, and secure their confidence and friendship. We solemnly declare, that we will guarantee to them peaceable enjoyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own.<ref name=":4" />}}
 

-Given the prospect of finally having a secure homeland, the Cherokee agreed, and Di'wali signed the treaty on behalf of the Texas Cherokees near present-day [[Alto, Texas]] on February 23, 1835.<ref name=":1" />  Consequently, the Texas Cherokee remained supportive of the Texans against Santa Anna.  On December 20, 1836, within the first two months as President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston told the Texas Senate, I "most earnestly recommend [the treaty with the Cherokee]'s ratification. You will find upon examining this treaty, that it is just and equitable, and perhaps the best which could be made at present time."<ref name=":4" />  The Senate of the [[Republic of Texas]], however, refused to ratify the treaty, citing that the Cherokee had not actively fought with Texans in the revolution and that the treaty conflicted with a grant given to [[David G. Burnet]].<ref name=":4" />  Over Houston's objections, the Senate formally nullified the treaty on December 16, 1837.<ref>{{Cite HOT | id=qdc01 |title=Cherokee War |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> Almost immediately, the Land Office began issuing patents to lands within the Cherokee lands.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.texasescapes.com/Ghosts/Killough-Massacre.htm |title=A Monument to the Killough Massacre |first=Mitchel |last=Whitington |work=Texas Escapes |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>
+Given the prospect of finally having a secure homeland, the Cherokee agreed, and Di'wali signed the treaty on behalf of the Texas Cherokees near present-day [[Alto, Texas]] on February 23, 1835.<ref name=":1" />  Consequently, the Texas Cherokee remained supportive of the Texans against Santa Anna.  On December 20, 1836, within the first two months as President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston told the Texas Senate, I "most earnestly recommend [the treaty with the Cherokee]'s ratification. You will find upon examining this treaty, that it is just and equitable, and perhaps the best which could be made at present time."<ref name=":4" />  The Senate of the [[Republic of Texas]], however, refused to ratify the treaty, citing that the Cherokee had not actively fought with Texans in the revolution and that the treaty conflicted with a grant given to [[David G. Burnet]].<ref name=":4" />  Over Houston's objections, the Senate formally nullified the treaty on December 16, 1837.<ref>{{Cite HOT | id=qdc01 |title=Cherokee War |date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> Almost immediately, the Land Office began issuing patents to lands within the Cherokee lands.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.texasescapes.com/Ghosts/Killough-Massacre.htm |title=A Monument to the Killough Massacre |first=Mitchel |last=Whitington |work=Texas Escapes |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191740/http://www.texasescapes.com/Ghosts/Killough-Massacre.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 
 Though the relations between the Texas Cherokee and the Republic of Texas was strained, Houston and Di'wali remained close friends, and Di'wali served—at Houston's request—as a representative of the Texas government in negotiations with the [[Comanche]] in the western plains.<ref name=":4" />  In a further attempt to secure permanent recognition of Indian lands in east Texas, Di'wali again looked to Mexico when Vicente Córdova attempted an insurgency against the Republic of Texas. The government of Mexico sought an arrangement with the Cherokee for their support in an insurgency in exchange for title to their land. Di'wali permitted Córdova's militia to operate within Cherokee lands in 1838.<ref name=":4" />  When a member of the Córdova militia had been killed in May 1839, documents were uncovered by Texas officials that suggested a conspiracy between the pro-Mexican forces and the Texas Cherokee. Though the [[Córdova Rebellion]] had been suppressed quickly, coming to a head in August 1838, the newly discovered documents led the new President of the Republic of Texas, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar|Mirabeau Lamar]], to make charges in December 1838 that Di'wali had surreptitiously collaborated with Córdova.
 
 
 Though the relations between the Texas Cherokee and the Republic of Texas was strained, Houston and Di'wali remained close friends, and Di'wali served—at Houston's request—as a representative of the Texas government in negotiations with the [[Comanche]] in the western plains.<ref name=":4" />  In a further attempt to secure permanent recognition of Indian lands in east Texas, Di'wali again looked to Mexico when Vicente Córdova attempted an insurgency against the Republic of Texas. The government of Mexico sought an arrangement with the Cherokee for their support in an insurgency in exchange for title to their land. Di'wali permitted Córdova's militia to operate within Cherokee lands in 1838.<ref name=":4" />  When a member of the Córdova militia had been killed in May 1839, documents were uncovered by Texas officials that suggested a conspiracy between the pro-Mexican forces and the Texas Cherokee. Though the [[Córdova Rebellion]] had been suppressed quickly, coming to a head in August 1838, the newly discovered documents led the new President of the Republic of Texas, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar|Mirabeau Lamar]], to make charges in December 1838 that Di'wali had surreptitiously collaborated with Córdova.
 


@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ Of the second meeting with Di'wali, Reagan writes:
 [[File:Cherokee Chief Bowles (41052530354).jpg|thumb|upright|Historical marker erected by the State of Texas in 1936 where Chief Bowls was killed on July 16, 1839]]
 
 ==Final fight and last stand==
 [[File:Cherokee Chief Bowles (41052530354).jpg|thumb|upright|Historical marker erected by the State of Texas in 1936 where Chief Bowls was killed on July 16, 1839]]
 
 ==Final fight and last stand==

-On July 14, Lamar sent troops, under the command of Gen. Thomas Rusk, to occupy the Indian territory. Fleeing their town and forced northward into present-day [[Van Zandt County, Texas|Van Zandt County]], the Cherokee halted on July 15 and prepared defenses at the [[Neches River]].  On the morning of July 16, though severely outnumbered, Di'wali confronted his pursuers.  Di'wali "exhorted the Indians to fight bravely. During the last battle he could be heard repeatedly encouraging them, and more than once urging them to charge."<ref name=":4" />  But eventually, with his troops depleted of ammunition, Di'wali ordered retreat, although he remained.  Sitting on his horse, wearing a military hat and sword given to him by Sam Houston, Di'wali faced the advancing Texans. The Texan forces shot his horse and then injured the chief, shooting him in the thigh and the back. Unable to walk but raising himself to a sitting position on the ground, Di'wali was singing a war song when Capt. Robert W. Smith approached Di'wali and shot him in the head.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite HOT | id=qen02 |title=Neches, Battle of The |last1=Gary |first1=Hampson |first2=Randolph B. |last2=Campbell |date=June 15, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.texascherokees.org/history1.html |title=History of Tsalagiyi Nvdagi |last=Hicks |first=D. L. Utsidihi |website=Texas Cherokees |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite HOT |id=fsm38 |title=Smith, Robert W. |date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>  Smith then took the sword from D'wali's body and swaths of skin from his arm as souvenir.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web | first=Bob |last=Bowman |url=http://www.texasescapes.com/AllThingsHistorical/Tragedy-of-Chief-Bowles-704BB.htm |title=Tragedy of Chief Bowles |work=Texas Escapes |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>
+On July 14, Lamar sent troops, under the command of Gen. Thomas Rusk, to occupy the Indian territory. Fleeing their town and forced northward into present-day [[Van Zandt County, Texas|Van Zandt County]], the Cherokee halted on July 15 and prepared defenses at the [[Neches River]].  On the morning of July 16, though severely outnumbered, Di'wali confronted his pursuers.  Di'wali "exhorted the Indians to fight bravely. During the last battle he could be heard repeatedly encouraging them, and more than once urging them to charge."<ref name=":4" />  But eventually, with his troops depleted of ammunition, Di'wali ordered retreat, although he remained.  Sitting on his horse, wearing a military hat and sword given to him by Sam Houston, Di'wali faced the advancing Texans. The Texan forces shot his horse and then injured the chief, shooting him in the thigh and the back. Unable to walk but raising himself to a sitting position on the ground, Di'wali was singing a war song when Capt. Robert W. Smith approached Di'wali and shot him in the head.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite HOT | id=qen02 |title=Neches, Battle of The |last1=Gary |first1=Hampson |first2=Randolph B. |last2=Campbell |date=June 15, 2010}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite HOT |id=fsm38 |title=Smith, Robert W. |date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>  Smith then took the sword from D'wali's body and swaths of skin from his arm as souvenir.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web | first=Bob |last=Bowman |url=http://www.texasescapes.com/AllThingsHistorical/Tragedy-of-Chief-Bowles-704BB.htm |title=Tragedy of Chief Bowles |work=Texas Escapes |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318001638/http://texasescapes.com/AllThingsHistorical/Tragedy-of-Chief-Bowles-704BB.htm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 
 

-Of Di'wali, John H. Reagan recalls, "I had witnessed his dignity and manliness in council, his devotion to his tribe in sustaining their decision for war against his judgement, and his courage in battle."<ref name=":5" /> As he had requested, Di'wali was left on the battlefield according to tradition.<ref name=":4" /> A historical marker now stands at the site of Chief Di'wali 's death.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=91605 |title=Cherokee Chief Bowles Marker |work=Historical Marker Database |access-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> A funeral for Di'wali was held by the descendants of the tribe in 1995, on the 156th anniversary of his death.<ref name=":3" />
+Of Di'wali, John H. Reagan recalls, "I had witnessed his dignity and manliness in council, his devotion to his tribe in sustaining their decision for war against his judgement, and his courage in battle."<ref name=":5" /> As he had requested, Di'wali was left on the battlefield according to tradition.<ref name=":4" /> A historical marker now stands at the site of Chief Di'wali 's death.<ref name="hmdb_20151215_bowlesdeathmarker">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=91605 |title=Cherokee Chief Bowles Marker |work=Historical Marker Database |access-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327025644/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=91605 |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |url-status=live |quote=On this site the Cherokee Chief Bowles was killed on July 16, 1839 while leading 800 Indians of various tribes in battle against 500 Texans. The last engagement between Cherokees and Whites in Texas.}}</ref> A funeral for Di'wali was held by the descendants of the tribe in 1995, on the 156th anniversary of his death.<ref name=":3" />

 
 ==References==
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 ==References==
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